Persians
The Persians are among the oldest civilizations in Asia. There had been many civilizations until 550 BCE, but the Persian empire became dominant in 550 BCE during the age of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The Achaemenid Persian Empire dated its origin to about 550 BCE. In some form or another, for the next 2,500 years, there would be a number of Kingdoms of Persia (Iran) until there would not any longer be any kingdoms, but rather a Republic of Iran. Since 651 Common Era, the Persians have adopted Islam and since 1501 the Shia religion of Islam has been the dominant form of Islam practiced in Persia.
Iran was the jewel of many civilizations, with the land which yielded for its people being highly valued. Many Ancient Persian Kings gave orders to control the lands on their behalf to their Satrapies. The Satrapies were given control by their emperors called Shah, and this gave the Kings’ men ultimate control over their government. Patronage to the Kings was the most highly persistent social order, with every person given the order to pay rent to the kings and pay other taxes providing control to the kings.
Zoroastrianism is the religion that was dominant in Iran from 550 BCE to 651 CE. It originated from 900 BCE, three hundred fifty years prior to 550 BCE, beginning with the transmission of the sacred text known as the Avesta. The Achaemenid emperor Cyrus II the Great made the Zoroastrian religion the imperial religion of the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 538 BCE.
Achaemenid Iran was originally the main religious center for the Zoroastrian religion.
The Zoroastrians were the castes of rulers of the Aechemenid Persian Empire that ruled over all of the other groups in the Aechemenid Persian Empire. Various cultures were conquered by the Achaemenid empire after the rule of Cyrus II the Great of Achaemenid Persia. The Persians gave ethic minorities right to return for those who were kept into captivity after 550 BCE. The slaves of the Assyrians emperors were given the freedom to return out from slavery after their ancestors were taken into slavery. Many people born into slavery were permitted to leave their slavery if they were to convert to the Zoroastrian faith. Zoroastrianism stressed the idea of Good prevailing over evil against bad morals.
Zoroastrianism as a religion began as a version of the story of creation of everything, which is known as cosmology, with a determination of the fate of everything in existence.
The Prevailing of the good against the evil is the final conclusion for the religion in the cosmology of Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism gives a conclusion of the dead being alive again and living peacefully after the defeat of evil spirits in a final victory. The norms of Zoroastrianism are familiar to the various groups of Christian and Jewish religions, and to Islam. Norms of modesty are very similar to Jewish religious norms.
From 550 Before Common Era to 651 Common Era, Zoroastrianism was the main religion of many Persian Kings.
This religion was in control of to the Aechemenid from 550 BCE to 334 BCE with the conquest by the Greeks after the defeat of Darius III by Alexander the Great. The Succeeding empire was the Seleucid Empire, after Alexander’s death and the immediate fracture of the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great.
The Seleucid Empire empire had control in what today is in the nations of Iran and in Tajikistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan from 334 BCE until 248 BCE. Persians and Greek-speaking Persians lived in this empire under kings under Zoroastrianism.
The Parthian Empire existed as the Persian empire from 248 BCE to 224 Common Era. It was the main enemy of the Roman Empire before the Sassanian Empire in Persia.
The Persian Empire under the Sassanian Empire was the last Persian Zoroastrian Empire that was the enemy of the Byzantines, and the Sassanian Empire lasted from 224 Common Era until 651 Common era when the Rashidun Empire ended the Sassanian Empire. 651 CE is the end of the era of Zoroastrian Empires.
The Persians largely were Zoroastrian during this period, until the beginning of Islamic rule in 651 CE. The World’s Fourth oldest religion (preceded in the world’s many religions by Jewish Religions and the Hindu Religion and Chinese Religions) has largely disappeared since 651 in most areas of Iran.
Several thousand people have become Zoroastrians since the 1960s.
The Pahlavi dynasty was a dynasty that commemorated the Zoroastrians’ rule and commemorated 2,500 years of monarchy in the many Iranian kingdoms. The Royal Family fled after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and much of the Zoroastrians have since left for other nations after the Islamic government came to power.
Islam has been the main religion under many different empires in Persia since 651 CE.
The first empires to grow into Islam within the territory of Persia were the Rashidun Islamic Empire in 651. This was the first empire that Persians adapted to the empires of the Islamic Monarchy of Iran, which was among the earliest lands conquered by the Rashidun Empire.
The Rashidun Empire were superseded by the Umayyad Empire in 661 Common Era. The people were under another king, and life has remained harsh for many in Iran for many years since.
The Samanid Islamic empire made Samarkand their capital in the deep interior of the Central Asia Region, and that spread the Islamic Persian rule in what is Central Asia. That empire existed from 819 Common Era to 999 Common Era. The Samanid empire was majority Sunni but had minorities subjected to its king who adhered to the Shia, Zoroastrian, and Nestorian-Christian Religions.
The Samanid Islamic empire of Persian-speaking areas of Central Asia was succeeded by the Ghaznavid Empire in 999 CE. The Ghaznavid Empire made Ghazni in Afghanistan their capital in 977 CE and conquered the Samanid Empire in 999 CE. The Ghaznavid Empire successfully conquered in 999 CE the Samanid Empire and made the empire under the control of their empire. The Seljuk Empire completely conquered its territories in West Asia and Central Asia in 1040 CE, limiting it to areas currently inside Afghanistan, India and Pakistan’s current borders.
The Ghaznavid Empire was a Sunni Hereditary Islamic Monarchy. Sunni Islam was the religion of the kingdom. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Sunni Islamic Monarchy that controlled areas inside present-day Afghanistan and Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and Iran and Pakistan and India. It was a monarchy that was controlled by Persian Speaking Kings with its capital in present-day Ghazni Afghanistan.
In 1150 CE the Ghaznavid empire lost their capital of Ghazni in present-day Afghanistan to the sultan of the Ghurid Empire Ala al-din Husayn. Ghazni became a subject of the Ghaznavids again after reconquest in the same year of 1150 CE by the same previous Ghaznavid King Bahram-Shah of Ghazna. It remained under his control until the next year in 1151 CE when his army was routed out of Ghazni again by Ala al-din Husayn of the Ghurids. After the loss of Ghazni, the King Bahram-Shah left what now is present-day Afghanistan to enter what now is present-day India. The Ghaznavids would struggle to maintain control in present-day Ghazni in Afghanistan until 1162 CE when they were invaded by Oghuz Turkic People and finally gave up and declared their city Lahore in Present-Day Pakistan their Capital city of their empire.
The King Kushrau Malik was the last king of the Ghaznavid Empire and died in 1186 CE. His Empire was succeeded by the Ghurid Empire after his death at the Siege of Lahore in 1186 CE.
The Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan was the Sunni Empire that succeeded the Ghaznavid Empire and was in Ghazni as the ruling empire in Ghazni that was precursor to the Khwarazmian Empire in Ghazni. The Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan was a Sunni Hereditary Islamic Monarchy at the time in conquered the Ghaznavid Empire until its rule was conquered by the Khwarazmian Empire in Ghazni in 1215.
The Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan largely conquered present-day Afghanistan, present-day Turkmenistan Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, much of present-day Pakistan, much of present-day Northern India, and much of present-day Iran. Most of its territory went to the Khwarazmian Empire after 1215, but it was subdivided among many warring cultures of people under different empires and kingdoms. Never until the Mongol Empire would there be a greater empire over those exact areas, but the Ghurid Empire was significantly smaller in area than the Khwarazmian Empire and the Khwarazmian Empire significantly smaller than the Mongol Empire.
The Khwarazmian Empire was the successor to the Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan. In 1215 the Khwarazmian Empire conquered the whole of the remainder territory of the Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan. The whole empire of the Ghurid Empire of Afghanistan was conquered by the Khwarazmian Empire ending in 1215. The Khwarazmian Empire had control over Ghazni until 1221, which was the year in which Ogedei Khan of the Mongol Empire took over the city of Ghazni in Present-day Afghanistan during the pacification of a rebellion in the region against the Mongol Empire. This secured Mongol victory in the conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, and the Khwarazmian Empire became a vassal of the Mongol Empire in 1221. The rebellions persisted until 1223 when the Mongol Empire took administration over the rebelling provinces of the vassal Khwarazmian Empire. In 1229, Ogedei Khan succeeded Tolui as ruler of the Mongol Empire. Guyuk Khan succeeded Ogedei Khan in 1246 and was succeeded by Monkh Khan in 1251. Monkh Khan oversaw the largest expansion of the Mongol Empire into the largest in the world ever at that time, and his successor Kublai Khan began his reign in 1259. Kublai Khan would oversee the largest expansion conclude in 1270 and rule after 1270 until 1271, when the Mongol empire broke up and his claim to China became the Yuan Dynasty Empire of China in that year.
The Persian-speaking Chagatai Khanate took over as a Persian-speaking Mongolian empire of the Central Asian Regions after victory in 1270 over Abaqa Khan and the Ilkhanate. Beginning in 1271, the Chagatai Khanate overran the Ilkhanate and the Mongol Empires in Central Asia, and they later cemented their rule as Central Asia’s rulers after years of rebellions lasting from 1271 until 1305. The region of Inner Asia never was unified at the same scale under the Mongol Empire ever again after 1271 with the division of Great Yuan from Mongol Empire.
Many Persian Dynasties ruled in Central Asia until 1501, when separate Persian Kingdoms took control of the lands of present day Iran under the beginning of Continuous Shia Islam Control under the Safavid Empire of Present-Day Iran. The Bukhara Khanate and other dynasties remained Sunni Islam after the Safavid empire switched the majority of the lands of Iran into Shia Islam under a monarchy away from Sunni Islam.
Afsharid Persian Monarchs ruled from 1734 after the last Safavid Shah Abbas died, and they ruled until 1796.
Qajar Iran had Tehran as their capital and went to war over territory with the British and the Russians. The Qajar Empire lasted from 1796 until 1925.
From 1925 until 1979 the Shah Pahlavi’s Royal Family ruled from Tehran and was succeeded by the current Islamic Republic Government.
The kings of Iran had a good life, but they usually had to court favor with western governments during the European colonial eras in the world that took hold after circa 1500 Common Era. There are many people who suffered in the past under the rule of kings, and Islam increased their force in their brutality and hold.
After 1945 until 1979, Persia was an ally of the United States. After the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran in 1979 CE, the monarchy has been abolished. The Relationship between the United States and Iran has been tumultuous and stressed. Regional issues of the Middle East and Asia affect Iran severely.
There are many people who suffered after the Islamic revolution, and many people who were religious minorities and ethnic minorities died after the rise of the Islamic Republic Government in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Many people are under the Islamic government in Tehran. There is much repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Islam is the state religion of the government of Iran in our Current Time.
It is dangerous and nearly impossible to belong to other religions in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and many religions that remain in Iran are under religious persecution since 1979 when the Islamic Republic began.
Tajikistan is a Persian Nation descended from the Samanid Empire. They were under the Samanid Empire and other Sunni Monarchies, but were last ruled under an Islamic Monarchy by the Bukhara Emirate. Predecessor Persian Empires and Bukharan rulers were rulers of Persian-speaking Tajik Persians for centuries from Samarkand and Bukhara in Present-day Uzbekistan, which also was conquered with their Tajik Persian subjects in Present-day Tajikistan in the 19th Century by the Russian Empire.
When Russia’s Soviet Government Subdivided the subjects of the Soviets after World War, the government of the Soviet Union separated the Tajik land from the Uzbek land during the tensions between Tajik speakers and Uzbek speakers during the Soviet Period.
The people that are now Tajik Persian speakers mostly often would live in Uzbekistan and often would speak many languages including common Turkic Languages in the Russian Empire in Central Asia.
Today the Tajiks are not at war with their neighbors except they have closed borders with Afghanistan. Tajikistan is not an ally of Present-day Afghanistan under the Sunni-dominated Afghanistan Islamic government of the 2020s.
In present-day Tajikistan, Tajiks are the remainder of the other religions and Sunni Islam, but the government of Tajikistan does not support the Sunni-dominated government in Afghanistan.
While being a secular state, Tajikistan is culturally dominant Sunni Muslim except in the regions of Tajikistan known as Gorno-Badakhshan, where the population in that area is majority Pamir People or Kyrgyz People and majority of the population of the region of Gorno-Badakhshan practices Ismaili Shia Islam. Pamirs are Eastern Iranian Language speakers, and Kyrgyz are Turkic Central Asian people.
About Four Percent of the current population of Tajikistan belong to other religious demographics. Islam is the dominant religion but other religions that immigrate are tolerated if they do not proselytize among Muslims of any kind. Religious organizations generally are ordered to apply to national government agencies for building permits for new construction and for establishment of newly-built religious sites, and they might be denied their permit and ordered not to build new religious sites.
It is dangerous and difficult being a member of another religion in Tajikistan, but it is not impossible if some religions ensure to ward off government control.
Jewish people went without a Jewish congregation in Tajikistan until the new Dushanbe Jewish congregation was completed. Very few Jewish people remain in Tajikistan.
Afghanistan was under many groups, but is not under democracy or a republic, yet Tajikistan is under both. Afghanistan is mostly Persian, Uzbek, Balti, and Pashtun but is under an absolute monarchy that is dominant Sunni that tolerates Shia Islam but is persecuting non-Muslims. It is impossible to belong to another religion in Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban rule. The Taliban actively persecutes religious people that convert away from Islam, and it is impossible to Immigrate to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban rule if those immigrating are not Muslim. The Taliban will deport or detain non-Muslim visitors and immigrants.
Many people are under persecution in Tajik Persian and Afghan Persian and Iranian Communities for not following Islam. Islam violently clashes often with the minorities who speakers of other languages and who follow different religions if the minorities try to convert speakers of Islamic languages and the followers of Islam to their own religions. Islam values the practice of militancy against apostasy. Many Muslims behave antagonistically to the converts to other religions from Islam. Apostasy includes converting from Islam to another religion.
There are still people who are Persian and who are not Persian Muslims. Some are Christians, but many are non-religious or follow another religion.
This is an ongoing issue for overseas members of each Persian community. As there are members in Iran, and in Central Asia, Persians are a Central Asia community. There have been Persians for many thousands of years in Central Asia in Afghanistan and Tajikistan and other areas east and north of Tajikistan.
There are many Persians living overseas, and many might live near Central Asia, in other regions of Tartaria, and in other religions that are not Islam. This is common knowledge.
Most people want to live in peace and not be threatened, this is a good thing to look forward to if it is possible to be optimistic toward achievement of such outcomes.
More to come.
Uzbeks
Origin of the people of Uzbekistan
The first life on earth originated with early unicellular (single-cell) life forms about 3.5 to 3.8 Billion years ago. Which dates are the precise dates are the subjects of ongoing debate among scientific experts. The general consensus, however, dates the life forms on earth to less than 50 million years after the formation of the moon of earth.[1]
SOURCE [1]: Betts, Holly C.; Puttick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Williams, Tom A.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Pisani, Davide (2018). “Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life’s early evolution and eukaryote origin”. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (10): 1556–1562. Bibcode:2018NatEE…2.1556B. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x. PMC6152910. PMID30127539. Retrieved December 23 2023.
The Regional origins of the habitation by humans of Uzbekistan are originating from the original inhabitants from many centuries ago, beginning at latest 70,000 years ago by paleolithic humans. These humans made stone tools.
The Earliest known culture to make metal in the border region Sugd (between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) is known to archaeologists as the Sarazm Culture.
The Sarazm Culture is the culture that first made metal in Present-Day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The Sarazm culture existed from 3350 BCE Until 2115 B.C.E. and they were succeeded by the Seimo Turbino Culture around 2100 B.C.E.
The Sarazm Culture knew how to use metallurgy and smith metals, and they used metal tools industrially made with gold, silver, galena, and tin (aluminum ore). They had a variety of metals to use, and also mined mercury and turquoise. They made a very large variety of metal tools.
An Agricultural society, they would have been able to mass-produce metal tools as an ancient nation in Asia use for plowing fields and producing crops. The tools were plowed by tools pulled along the field by animals such as donkeys or mules or cattle who were pushed along by the field workers, and workers would work uncomfortably in comparison to present-day Western nations, where there has been more automation.
There was much complexity in society, so there were different social classes in society, where there were different class structures. Metallurgists often would be the sons of metallurgists who passed it to their children, and farmers would be peasants born into poverty that would be field hands and tenants of the owners of the land, which would be the kings.
If slavery existed in the Sarazm Culture similar to slavery in ancient Assyria, the king of the Sarazm Culture would often have exercised too much power for most of the modern West’s liking, as there would be slavery, which is outlawed in the West and many other nations. Slavery is outlawed in the West because of its brutal conditions for workers and harm to their health. Slavery is also outlawed in the West for the damages it does to society and individuals under slavery.
Forced Chattel slavery was outlawed in Britain in 1847 Common Era with the mutual treaty outlawing the slave trade mutually between Britain and the Trucial States, and slavery was outlawed more gradually in the Second British Empire until the final abolition of slavery in the second British Empire in the entire Empire of the United Kingdom in 1932 with the taking effect of the Forced Labour Convention at the League of Nations.
Forced Chattel slavery was outlawed in the United States in 1865 Common Era with the abolition of the domestic slave trade and practices outlawed under the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 (13 Amendment, United States Constitution, 1865.)
Societies under foreign slave-driving masters are not free as a society or culture. If a foreign society enslaves a whole different society under chattel slavery, that is known invasion and controlling another country abroad, called Settler Imperialism, or Imperialism. Such societies exercising controls are considered to be Totalitarian Empires. Empires usually have a king that exercise absolute control. They also exercise influence on other nations’ subjects. The Russian Empire was, for its history until reforms in 1906 Common Era, an absolute monarchy.
In 1906 CE, the Russian Empire provisionally enacted constitutional reforms, which many thought inside the Empire did not go far enough. Therefore, from 1906 CE to 1917 CE, Russia was considered an enslaved and authoritarian nation, but not a traditional absolute monarchy. Reforms did not go far enough and were not liked by the residents, so the residents had a Revolution, called the 1917 CE Russian Revolution. This later caused Russia to form the repressive USSR, though the USSR tolerated some actions more than others, but was generally very repressive and persecuted dissent.
The Sarazm culture was succeeded in 2100 BCE by the Seimo Turbino Culture.
The Seimo Turbino Culture existed from 2100 BCE to 1900 BCE, and was succeeded by the Andoronovo Culture and the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex Culture.
The Seimo Turbino Culture was existent from 2100 BCE to 1900 BCE, and it was existent from the Ural Mountains to Mongolia to Uzbekistan to Tajikistan to Turkmenistan and Bactria in Afghanistan. This was the last time all of these areas had been united under one Society before the First Turkic Khaganate (552 to 603 Common Era), which would never be fully united under one empire ever again except under the Mongolian Empire in the Thirteenth Century (flourished in 1259 to 1294) Common Era. Never again after the Mongolians’ control would all regions plus Xinjiang and Tibet ever be under control again. The two closest large empires in control of the region in Asia in later years never controlled Afghanistan or each other and were never in control of the whole. They were 19th century China and 19th century Russian Empire, and neither have liked each other from the 1800-1810 decade until the 1990s decade in the 20th century.
Tartaria region of Asia Continent had never been unified from the time of the Seimo Turbino Culture ending in 1900 Before Common Era until the First Turkic Khaganate in the 550s decade Common Era never saw Tartaria region of Asia Unified ever once between that time in reality. It would be nearly 600 years time passing between the largest Turkic Khaganate known as the First Turkic Khaganate until the time of the Mongolian Empire in its height of ruled territory in Asia beginning in 1259 Common Era.
The Mongolian Empire at its height lasted Thirty-Five Years in most regions of Asia before splitting into several other Mongolian Empires after 1294 after the conclusion of their civil war caused by the death of Monkh Khan or Monkh or Ménggē in 1259. Kublai Khan, known in China as Shizu king of Yuan, claimed to have controlled the most vast territory at that time (from 1259 to 1294) in all of Asia and the world, and it was not ever Exceeded by land area of a single united Nation. During the Mongol civil war lasting between years 1259 until 1294, the pacts loyal to Kublai Khan lasted until 1294. After 1294, his successors ruled China as the Yuan Empire of China after his death in 1294 until 1368.
No greater land area than that of the Mongol empire in the years from 1259 until 1294 and none of any area that has been in control of Bukhara region, or in control of all of Inner Asia and all of Afghanistan and Tajikistan, has ever emerged in control of a single nation as large or with such territories known today as Bukhara or Afghanistan or Tajikistan. Never since 1294 has Tartaria been unified as a whole, it has remained divided among cultures and nations.
The Seimo Turbino Culture was the largest Bronze Age civilization by land area in Asia, mainly consisting of agriculturalists and farmers and sedentary, settled domesticated farmers. They likely had Slavery of all types and traded with civilizations in present-day Persia and Mongolia and Central Asia and as far as lands in present-day Eastern Europe. They created metal tools and created metal plows for tilling land for Row crops, and likely employed some form of Slavery, and was known to have created elaborate gold works and metal Jewelry.
They likely had a king who exercised control of the slaves in conditions Western workers would consider involuntary slavery and to be considered a terrible lifestyle for Western workers. The rich likely lived long lives while the poor likely lived short and often unhappy and misery-filled miserable lives. No modern western technological modern appliances of computerization and automation largely existed in such cultures.
The closest things in the Second Millennium Before Common Era to automation would likely have been often reliable or often unreliable water wheel powering, or otherwise animal powering.
Materials made from fuel elements from the lithography (Rocks Geology) of the underground earth’s minerals likely were more difficult to obtain as there were few known power sources, and energy relied on water and livestock. Every culture of the region of Tartaria in Asia always would not produce near as much coal and did not produce any metal radioactive geological fuel sources in any years earlier than the year 1480 CE (Common Era.)
It was not until the 18th century in the Common Era that any humans knew about radioactive fuel sources for fuel to electric power and was not until the Cold War era beginning in the 1950s in the Common Era that any could use such power. Nothing in terms of electricity until the 1800s in the Common Era, and nothing for radioactive sources for fuel for electric power until the 1950s in the Common Era.
The Siemo Turbino Culture likely introduced industrial-scale use of horses and large cattle to tow plows for tilling soil for agriculture. They also likely introduced large-scale farming of Wheat crops into the region, including with the indigenous grain seed plant known as the Sogdia Wheat variety.
The Seimo Turbino Culture was likely an empire, in contrast to some of their neighbors. Many empires were vassalage to the monarchy of the Seimo Turbino culture. Many empires also were sharing alliances wit the Seimo Turbino culture.
The Seimo Turbino Culture was succeeded by the Andronovo culture in the year of 1900 Before Common Era (BCE).
The Andronovo Culture lasted from 1900 to 1150 BCE. The Andronovo culture was preceded by the Seimo Turbido Culture
The Andronovo Culture was one of the first cultures to introduce the family of languages called the Indo-European Language family. The Indo-European Language family includes subfamilies located within the Indo-European language family, and is described as having a common language origin about 4000 years ago in Southeastern Europe and around the Black Sea and North Eurasia and Central Eurasia and West Eurasia.
The Language of the Andronovo Culture is described by linguists as closely resembling the languages Indo-Iranian families of languages, which are a subfamily of the Indo-European primary family of languages.
Archaeologists have claimed the Andronovo culture was a nomadic steppe civilization, and other archaeologists have claimed that there was an irrigated river valley civilization center in Sarazm in modern-day Tajikistan one-thousand years before and to the south of the Andronovo culture.
Likely, in the Andronovo culture, and in Inner Asia, also known as Tartaria, there existed after 3,000 BCE agricultural civilizations side-by-side the nomadic civilizations that domesticated horses. Much of the Andronovo culture existed side-by-side with the Seimo Turbino culture after the year 2100 BCE.
In a culture parallel to the Andronovo culture, in Bactria near present-day city Balkh in Afghanistan, there had emerged in 1900 BCE the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. This culture stretched from the Kopet Dag mountains to the Pamir Mountains, with the Amu Darya river bisecting the civilization’s habitat. The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex lived in present-day eastern areas of Turkmenistan, and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and areas near the Marghab river near the ancient city of Bactria in present-day Afghanistan.
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex lasted from 2250 BCE to 1750 BCE. It was preceded by the Sarazm and Seimo Turbino cultures, and was parallel to the Andronovo culture, and was succeeded by the Andronovo Culture from 1750 BCE until 1150 BCE.
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex existed as a subdivision of the Seimo-Turbino complex from 2250 BCE to 2100 BCE and was likely a vassal of the Seimo-Turbino complex during that time. The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex knew how to plant crops at industrial scale and had metal plows for fields powered by the pulling of Mules and Donkeys and Horses and Cattle at industrial scales.
The breeding of Cows and Horses at industrial scale for agriculture became very useful for communications networks, Industrial-Scale Agricultural use for plowing and planting fields, and for warfare against other nations. This was adopted by other Civilizations following the examples of the Central Asian civilizations in the Third Millennium following the agricultural revolutions in the region around the same time. These practices were first adopted by societies in Central Asia among the societies absorbed by conquest into the Seimo-Turbino culture in the third Millennium BCE.
The Seimo-Turbino culture broke up and was succeeded by the Andronovo culture and the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex in 1900 BCE, after the region developed into separate cultures based on topographical environment and differences in languages. Likely, there were wars that broke out in the region around 1900 BCE, in the early Second Millennium BCE. The Region would never recover from the loss of the Seimo-Turbino Culture until the time of the First Turkic Khaganate in year 576 Common Era (CE) more than than 2400 years later.
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex is also known as the Oxus Civilization. Oxus was one of the first cultures to establish Indo-European an industrial-agricultural empire in the whole of the world. They spoke Indo-European Languages related to the Eastern Iranian Family of Languages inside the set of Indo-European Language families.
One of the earliest civilizations to use metallurgy, the society domesticated horses and sheep and goats and cattle, and used sheep and goats for milk and domesticated sheep and goats for wool and cashmere fabrics. They used all animals as pack animals of some type and used them to carry metal plows into the ground in order to plow and till land for the use of soil for agricultural uses, and they would plant wheat and barley and grains and fruits and vegetables at industrial scales of planting and agriculture. They most likely had slaves as did the contemporary Sumerians might have in Mesopotamia.
The Oxus civilization was in the same exact area as the Sarazm Civilization 1000 years earlier. The Oxus civilization existed 1000 years after the Sarazm Civilization, in the regions known as Sogdia, Transoxania, and Bactria. The Oxus Civilization also extended further west into eastern Turkmenistan in the Kopet Dag mountains near the border between Iran and Turkmenistan, where the Yaz Civilization also was located as a vassal to the Oxus Civilization.
The Oxus Civilization made the gold and metal jewelry found at several sites in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan near the beginning of the civilization of the Persian areas of Asia, presently known as Iran and the Caspian Sea area.
Round Burial mound characterizing the urban settlement dwellings later in the Indo-European migrations of the Bronze Age was characteristic of the Oxus civilization’s urban settlements. The Urban settlements was usually the location where the tradesmen and the kings or vassals would immediately reside and oversee slaves in large industrial farms advancing the civilization and whatever spirituality the civilization had as an over-class over the city population of each area of the advanced civilizations.
Much of the burial site excavation for research into the Oxus Civilization takes place outside of Uzbekistan in Turkmenistan in the Kopet Dag Mountain ranges, near the border of Turkmenistan and Iran.
Some of the earlier inhabitants of areas in present-day Uzbekistan to use metallurgy are known as the Scythians. Scythians are the ethnic group that originated in Asian Indo-Iranian communities who were expelled by the Median Empire in Persia. They were establishing civilizations located in today’s Uzbekistan in tributary states of the Median Empire.
The Language of the Scythians was a Indo-Iranian language, related to Eastern Iranian language families within the linguistic family of the Indo-Iranian language family of the Indo-European families of languages.
Metal began to be used by people in Europe and in Asia among the Scythians in the years near 650 BCE.
Scythians made metal tools and had agriculture on the Eurasian Steppe and on the Pontic Steppe. They had their own religion called Scythianism.
In the 3rd Century BCE at the time when Scythians became more settled in the Pontic Steppe, a group was established that later linguistically became known through their archaeological remains around the Caspian Sea as the Sarmatian Scythians. This became the Sarmatians.
The Sarmatians also spoke Eastern-Iranian Languages. They made golden and metal tools and decorative sculptures. Sarmatians had agriculture and lived near the Caspian Sea and had their own religion, called Sarmatian Religion or Sarmatianism.
Soviet Archaeologist Boris Grakov gave a detailed survey of excavations he initiated in the Volga Region of Russia and the Ural Mountain Region of Siberia in the then R.F.S.R. in the years 1945 through 1947. His survey is of significance to Sarmitian and Scythian archaeology and refers to the history of the Sarmitians in detail.
Grakov surveyed that the artifacts of the Sarmatians flourished around the 6th to 4th centuries BCE in those regions where he excavated. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia made note of his contributions.
In other parts of Uzbekistan not near the Caspian Sea, around the 6th Century BCE, there were Korasem Saka, Transoxianan people, Bactrian Kingdoms, and Sogdians. The present-day cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Kokand, and Khujand are presently located in the past locations of the past empires of Transoxiana, Bactrian Kingdoms, and Sogdians.
Korasem was a region located in present-day Uzbekistan that was known in years around 650 BCE for its people presently known as the ancient Saka Tigraxuada people. The Saka Tigraxuada culture spoke an Indo-Iranian Language. They spoke languages related to the Eastern Iranian Languages.
Such people were identified by the Hungarian Archaeologist and Linguist Janos Harmatta as being the Saka Tigraxuada, based on his interpretation of inscriptions from the area and the written historical accounts from the Classical Greek Roman author Arrian of Nicomedia.[2]
SOURCE [2]: Harmatta, János (1999). “Alexander the Great in Central Asia”. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. doi:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11. S2CID 162246561. Retrieved 14 Dec 2023.
During the origins of Zoroastrianism from 900 BCE to 500 BCE, there was another region identified as “Gava.” Zoroastrian sacred texts known collectively as the Avesta made mentions of “Gava.” The Region was dated to the Young Avestan period lasting from 900 BCE to 500 BCE as being Gava. The author Frantz Grenet identified the site of Gava as being known to Greeks as Sogdia.[3]
SOURCE [3]: Grenet, Frantz (2005). “An Archaeologist’s Approach to Avestan Geography”. In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.). Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-7556-2459-1. pg. 30. Retrieved 15 Dec 2023.
Sogdians spoke a language of Eastern-Iranian origin known as Sogdian. Sogdian was the language spoken in the region of Sogdia near the Alay mountains and the river Zeravshan. They wrote in their language in a script based on the Aramaic script known as the Sogdian script beginning around 300 CE.[4]
SOURCE [4]: Coulmas, Florian (10 June 1996), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers (published 1996), pp. 471–474, 512, ISBN0-631-19446-0. Retrieved 15 Dec 2023.
Transoxiana was a region of Sogdia that was located near the Oxus river, which today is called by locals the Amu Darya. The people of Sogdia spoke Sogdia and other Eastern Iranian Languages in the Sixth Century BCE.
The Amu Darya flows through several nations in the region, but was called the Oxus river in ancient Greek Literature, which often composed fables and myths in Classical Greece about the lands beyond the Oxus River. These lands were referenced by Greeks by the name of Transoxiana in Greek Literature.
Bactria, specifically the region of Sogdia within Khorasan in which the city of Bactria that is now called Balkh in present-day Afghanistan was located, was a region to the south of Transoxiana, and was located in the Southeast of the regions that spoke Persian during the time of the Achaemenid Empire. Bactria was the region that the Persian Empire that would be later identified as the region of Tokharistan as identified by Central Asians.
Sogdia was conquered by the Median Empire near 600 BCE, and in 539 BCE Cyrus II the Great of the Achaemenid Finished Conquering the Median Empire and the Region of Elam.
Sogdia and Khorasan, and the region Transoxiana, and the area known as Korasem would become the eastern areas of the Achaemenid Empire.
The Achaemenid empire would include much of present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan in addition to much of Persia and the Near East.
Persia Would later, after the year 500 BCE and until its demise in 330 BCE, Maintain control over the Bactria, Sogdia, Transoxania, the Indus Valley, and Korasem, in addition to existing territory Egypt, Asia, and Europe. A map is visible online with a map of the extent of the Persian Empire in the year 500 BCE.[5]
SOURCE [5]: O’Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-19-521921-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA43 . Retrieved 1 April, 2024.
Khorasem, Sogdia, and Bactria would later be conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE after several wars between the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Empires concluded when Alexander the Great Defeated the Persian Achaemenid Empire in war during his capture of Achaemenid Territories in Asia.
Alexander the Great traveled in war between 329 BCE and 327 BCE to Khorasem, Sogdia, Bactria, and Transoxanian Saka Tigraxuada lands. He defeated the Saka Tigraxuada at the battle of Jaxartes in Transoxanian Saka Territories, And successfully conquered the Saka Tigraxuada, Sogdia, Bactria, and conqurered areas of the Oxus River, in the battle of Cyropolis approximate to Jizzakh in Uzbekistan, approximately conquering a frontier area of a portion of Khorasem regions of Uzbekistan near the areas bordering Tajikistan.[6]
SOURCE [6]: Cummings, Lewis Vance (2004). Alexander the Great. Grove Press. pp. 286-288. ISBN 9780802141491. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
This included areas inside Khorasem and Sogdia that were inside Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. These frontier regions almost never saw frontier cultures invaded by nomadic civilizations outside their borders again until the time of the Kidarites for another six hundred years until 350 Common Era, when Kidarites invaded the Bactrian Kingdom and the Sassanian Empire.
Alexander the Great also led armies to conquer Persia, Anatolia, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Dilmun in renaming Failaka Island (Kuwait) as “Ikaros” (succeeding the Achaemenid Empire)[7], Sinai Peninsula presently located inside the borders of Egypt, and Balkan European regions of Dacia and Thracia (which are Bulgaria and Western Romania.)[8]
SOURCE [7]: Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Richard F. Nyrop (ed.). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 11. ISBN 9781434462107. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
SOURCE [8]: Gilley, Dawn L.; Worthington, Ian (2010). “Alexander the Great, Macedonia and Asia”. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 186–207. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
After and during Alexander the Great’s Army conquered the Inner Asian and South Asian Regions of his empire, Greeks were transplanted by their army in conquest of local cultures during the time between 327 BCE and 317 BCE in those areas. Local cultures soon overcame local Greek units in those areas beginning after 317 BCE.
The Transition to local cultures separate from the Macedonian Greek Empire that was conquered and formed by Alexander the great began with the Original Macedonian Empire’s Disintegration in 323 BCE into other kingdoms.
The Macedonian empire essentially disintegrated in the Asian Continent except near Greek areas of Western Turkey (Asia Minor). Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE in the city of Babylon inside of the Middle East.
Alexander the Great did not name a successor, so his generals subdivided his kingdom.
Seleucus created the Seleucid in Bactria-Margiana and in Sogdiana and Khorasem and Transoxania.
Cassander created the Antipater Dynasty in Greece where they ruled what little remained of the Macedonian Empire inside Greece.
Lysimachus created his dynasty that ruled over much of what now is Present-Day Turkiye and Bulgaria.
Ptolemy ruled over much of the Middle East, Africa, Egypt and Southern Turkiye. His empire was called the Ptolemaic Empire.
Epirus, which was under self-government under local kings’ rule during Alexander the Great’s Life, became an independent kingdom with a single king around 330 BCE during the life of Alexander the Great. The Region currently in the Present-Day is known as Albania or Illyria and North Epirus. Locals refer to it as Shipirise, Arberia, and Albansi. It has remained under many governments ever since, and has been very much dominated by speakers of the language and dialect family known as the Albanian Languages. These languages are ancient Indo-European Languages related to Illyrian languages spoken before 230 BCE. Modern Albanian is mainly spoken by Speaker of the Gheg dialects of Albanian, followed by speakers of the Tosk dialects of Albanian.
In 306 BCE, the Antigonid Dynasty was formed by Antigonus I of Macedon.
Much of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan was conquered by the leaders of the Seleucid Empire by 322 BCE. The Seleucid Empire took up the most land area of the former areas of the Macedonian Empire. The Seleucid Empire gave the other empires the hardest time as Antigonus and the Antigonid Dynasty of Greece and Seleucus and the Seleucid Empire fought over Babylonia. The Babylonian War lasted from 311 BCE until two years later in 309 BCE when Seleucus was victorious to conquering Dilmun and Babylonia to the Seleucid Empire after 309 BCE.[9]
SOURCE [9]: Polyaenus. “The Babylonian war”. Livius.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
In 305 BCE, Seleucus planned a city in Babylon, Seleucia on the Tigris, which later grew by the 220s BCE to have supported in Greek Hellenistic times to include 500,000 to 600,000 People living inside the city at that time, making it third only to Rome and Alexandria Egypt. [10]
SOURCE [10]: Aperghis, G. G. (2004). The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781139456135.
This city would last until 165 BCE and was discovered by University of Michigan Professors Leroy Waterman and Clara Hopkins 1,750 years after its demise in their time in 1927.[11]
SOURCE [11]: L. Waterman, “Professor Waterman’s Work at Seleucia”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 35, pp. 25–27, 1929.
Seleucus named his city in Syria now called Antioch after his father Antiochus. Founded in 300 BCE in Present-Day Turkiye, Antioch on the Orontes later became the site of the founding of the Christian Churches. Antioch is the namesake of the Chalcedonian Trinitarian Eastern Orthodox Church’s Middle Eastern and Asian Autocephalous Comminion for dioceses not in Jordan and Israel known as the Antiochian Greek Patriarchate, Eastern Orthodox Church.
Origin of the Uzbek Turks:
Origin of the country Uzbekistan:
People of Tajikistan
Pamirs
Afghanistan
Turkic People in Central Asia and Afghanistan and Iran
Karakalpaks
Kazakhs
Turkmens
Assyrians in Persian areas
Kurdish People
Azerbaijani People
Armenians
Armenians in Persian and Azerbaijani Areas
Turkic Siberians
Tuvan Turkic Siberians
Tofa Turkic Siberians
Soyot Turkic Siberians
Dukha Turkic Siberians
Khakas Turkic Siberians
North Siberian Turkic Siberian People
Yakut Sakha Siberians
Dulgan Sakha Siberians
Nivkh Siberians
Yeniseian Siberians
This Language family of cultures is original to many cultures in Asia, and claims by linguists attempt unsuccessfully to link the Yeniseian Languages’ Speakers to the Dene people of America and Canada in North America.
Dene people of America are unsuccessfully claimed to be related by paleontology scientists to the Yeniseians in Asia.
In Asia, the Yeniseian Siberians are a group of Languages that speak a language that is not related to any language families inside Asia. The Ket people who remain speak the last spoken language in a once common language family that existed hundreds of years ago.
The common language family of the Ket and their relatives was called “The Yeniseian Family of Languages.”
Mythologies persist inside the world about Siberia. Earlier accounts and present-day accounts link the land to mythology. This Mythology has evolved over the years under false pretenses.
Likely, many false claims about the civilizations of the Hyperboreans are stratified by Ancient Greek Mythologists who embellished accounts of the Ancient Siberian Lands. Strabo mentions in his “Geographia” the physician who was a “Hyperborean” man named Arbaris of Hyperborea. [12] [13]
SOURCE [12]: Strabo’s Geography in three volumes. Strabo. ed. H. L. Jones, The Geography of Strabo. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Found at Strabo. Geographica, 7.3.8. Website. Found online at
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+7.3.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=3&highlight=Abaris
Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. Medford, Massachusetts, United States. Publication date unknown. Retrieved on 13 December 2024.
Source [13]: Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). “Abaris”. In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
Edward Said gives the example of Egypt in his works on the process of “othering” the “Eastern cultures” wrongfully and erroneously given by politicians by Western governments in the centuries by Highlighting the example of Egypt in the 19th being “othered” by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Arthur Balfour. (Said, Edward W. “Orientalism,” Published 1978. New York, Random House Books. 25th Anniversary edition, Published 2003.)
The book by Said, written in the 20th century, Orientalism, decries the stripping of humanity “down to such ruthless racial and cultural essences,” later stating it was a “set of constraints and limitations of thought,” which led to the “Oriental” becoming an “example of an ‘Oriental Mentality’ and all for the [Europeans’] enhancement of the ‘authority’ at home.”[14]
Source [14]:
Said, Edward W. “Orientalism.” 25th Anniversary Edition, printed 2003. Originally Published 1978. New York, Random House Books. 2003, pp. 35-45, Retrieved 14 December 2024.
This Orientalism is an argument often misused by people who are not familiar with Oriental cultures and who are making misuse of the people who are considered “other cultures” by occupying powers. Everyone should be careful to not justify violence. Especially violence against native cultures inside the “occupied” jurisdiction of Western and Eastern cultural powers. Not only are Western Empires guilty, but ancient Asian and Eastern cultures were always in guilt with using “Orientalism” as a justification against autonomy for nearby cultures they did not like. Asian cultures and Europeans furthered the cycle of violence. African Emperors also would adopt such attitudes to nearby local African cultures they never liked.
War is unjust, never resolves the cycle of violence. Human rights will continue not to advance if Political figures never justify the end of Wars of Attrition levied by Invaders against local cultures.
Local Cultures cannot become better if their culture is marked by the cycle of violence. Every mainstream variety of any non-radicalist and non-terroristic religion has advocated against violence and perpetuation of violence. The tragedy of the commons, however, guarantees that there are varieties of religion that perpetuate the cycle claiming more and more power while the more peaceful groups lack a standing chance to grow and lack ability remain stable in membership and in use of resources to advance their non-violent interests.
The Cycle of violence originating in Asia Europe and Africa has constantly been spreading to all corners of the globe since the Mid-Nineteenth Century, with some interruption.
The Violence outpoured during colonialism largely ceased in part by Western Europe Nations when their aggressions ceased in 1954 with the creation of the Western European Union to regulate the military of the Western European Union member states by the United States and the formal cession of the hostilities and the occupation of Western Germany by the ending of Total Occupation of the Federal Republic of West Germany in 1955 by withdrawal of American forces from the government offices and management of the West Germany government from in 1945 to 1955.
This Indicated the end of total occupation, and the end of American Occupation was reflected by the 1954 admission of the nation-state of the Federal Republic of West Germany into NATO in 1955. All of this followed the Nuremberg Trials and the process of De-Nazification of West Germany.
During the “Cold War,” Soviet Union occupied Northeastern Germany, calling the republic a Stalinist Communist State named the “German Democratic Republic by the Communists in Germany and Soviet Union and know to Americans as “East Germany.”
Berlin inside East Germany had former exclaves of West Germany called “West Berlin” until 1991 following the collapse of East Germany and the Soviet Union beginning in 1991.
During the United Nations General Assemblies, following the Second World War, governments of the Western European Nations agreed to deliver of their promised, made by the British first, to agree to de-colonize their government’s satellites in the Colonies they invaded before 1948. By the 1960s the colonies were being liberated of their invasion by Colonial Powers in Western Europe, either by Wars against the Western Europeans or by Western Europeans coming to diplomatic solutions. In the context of the Cold War, there were many wars where the Europeans deliberately sabotaged the deliberate effort locals created to fight against the foreign occupation of the Western and European Colonial Powers. Few political nations were granted Independence from the Invasive Colonial Governments Peacefully, but some were granted sovereignty through diplomacy before war could begin or were granted a diplomatic solution before fighting could commence.
The Government of the nation-state known as the Communist Soviet Union, also known formally as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR, of the former empire of Russia was engaged in wars to cement their rule over the soviet communist territories. China and Mongolia were generally unified internally by the governments of communism. In other nations in Asia, powers that were led by autocratic Fascist dictators were militarily occupied by the United States, or their successor was made ally to the United States after the Second World War, except in the Middle Eastern nations, where former governments formed the new government after the Western and European Powers granted Independence from Colonization by concession to the local Governments. Some were loyal in the Middle East, some were not.
The definite exception was Israel’s illegal occupation of the Palestine area of the Former Ottoman Lands occupied by the “British” government of colonialism in “Palestine.”
Americans unilaterally granted Jews the right to occupy Arab lands for themselves, and, after 1949, they have never quit fighting the Arabs, who before 1949 fought more sporadically and usually lived peacefully side by side for centuries in the 2000 years after Romanization in 40 BCE following the death of Aristobulus. While there were several continuous battles surrounding the era of Islamization of people in West Asia during the lifetime of Muhammad, much of this only lasted for six to ten years most wars at a time.
While there were not zero wars of such timing, and there were many prolonged conflicts, Jewish people never deliberated warfare against Arab Muslims as a whole for as prolonged a conflict as the 1949 to present multi-phase conflict, and never as continuous for so long. Islamic ethnicity are rightfully angry because of the protraction by the United States and Israel in favor of doing heavy warfare in many many phases of this conflict. Americans are right to share complaint against current officials in 2024, and will be correct to politically criticize and bring complaint against future officials of the Federal Government of the United States of America for their aiding of Israel in wars initiated by Israel. While escalated in the Twenty-first century, it is growing massive in the scale of the conflict inside the 21st century.
In the 20th century, there were protracted proxy conflicts over the space of control of the Soviets against the Americans after the rise of Post-colonial governments in Africa and Latin America and Asia and Communist governments led by Communist Leaders inside Africa, Latin America, and Asia who aided the Soviet Union and China and received aid from the Soviet Union or China.
Communist governments outside the Soviet spaces in Asia were mostly friendly to Soviet Russia or Communist China, such as governments in Africa Asia and Latin America. Americans antagonized such anti-colonial and post-colonial governments inside Africa Latin America and Asia during the Cold War.
Of the many governments that were “Post-Colonial,” few were both anti-American and Communist. several nations, many in Latin America, were set up by the American diplomats led by the Presidential Cabinets in the United States to be “Puppet States” of the Americans. Some had support from their people, some did not. Most did not gain popular support from members of the public inside nation-states governed by the government of American Puppet States. The most successfully controlled states were in South American nation-states, where sympathizer support continues to today despite much popular opposition in the 20th century and in the current 21st century in the Common Era for the people of the South American Nations.
Several Pacific, Latin American, Asian, and African nations were not puppet states and were post-colonial, but were under a government that was post-colonial and non-aligned but led by non-communists led by a government sympathetic to communism. There are governments today that were sympathetic to China and to Yugoslavia governments who led the calls for neutrality during the Proxy Wars inside the protracted Proxy-Conflict called the “Cold War.” These governments traded with Yugoslavia and China, who were led by “One-Party States.” Not all of these were right-wing, and most were democratic with non-democratic factions that grew heavily following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Colonialism in any type, save for humanitarian assistance or will-full, reasonable, safe, and consented union, is a terrible problem when it justifies alienation and violence.
If it is not colonialism by direct occupation, it should not be considered Colonialism. Governments governing over oppressed people are not liable if they are not able to be proven in a court of law internationally to have been deemed responsible for current liabilities of ongoing crimes of war. When there is not a protracted conflict, you do not have an aggressive war ensuing. The option of past conflicts are only relevant if the pain in in living memory and is Ongoing. But other human rights issues must be resolved if protracted issues are found in a court of law. When there is not provable liability for ongoing suffering, the crimes of war are not punishable. That doesn’t mean that war is not actually happening. It means that the case has to be made based on evidence.
Occupied People should look for evidence from the policies of other nations invading a sovereign nation. Recognition of a nation is not required, but that they had sovereignty and lost it, simply because they were taken to conflict or taken by occupation and invasion by people who are sovereign, is the the required factor for judging crimes of war. That doesn’t mean that all people are sovereign in government unless they established a group of people to rule as an organized whole. If the group is not organized and does not have a powerful negotiator, then there is not a state that can claim the people, only the people for themselves. After they decide to unite and organize fairly, can they establish their rule and the case for them to stay united and defeat colonialism.
If they cannot engage against their invading foreign colonial government effectively, they will never defeat the worst of the foreign control on their people or their nation-state. If they do not have a government, they cannot occupy the places of the government of their colonizing power. And if they are being colonized by their own people and subjected not by invaders, but their own neighbors inside their country, they could only be considered colonial if a foreign or outside agitation should invade their culture and occupation begin by settlers from outside.
If they have a government, they would more likely be able to rebel against the occupying powers, but if there is not clear occupation from powers abroad, there has to be some form of interference by another nation before they are known to be “Invaded” or “Colonized by Foreign Settlers.” If it is not colonialism, it is oppression by their own government rather than being oppressed people being oppressed by foreign people in another nation governing settlers and oppressed original people alike Colonially from abroad or with outside influence away from the original people.
When you give people self-government, they are liable for how their government forms, unless there is protracted interference from outside. When the outside influence never properly establish good diplomacy and diplomatic peace with such people, then the colonizing people are liable for foreign interference. But there are some places with total separation and sovereignty against the Western and European powers and the Asian powers that act from a position in power that is disrespectful and rude to their own citizens, and that is when they force their citizens to lose freedom and peace and sovereignty and stability. When there is no negative outside influence, or where the influence of other nations is absent, there is only the government being responsible. Oppressive events can happen in free anti-colonial areas. For Example, the Lhotshampa people in Bhutan were killed after their own government committed crimes against their ethnic group inside Bhutan. Bhutan is in the wrong and is oppressive and has committed crimes against the people living in their own home nation. That was not committed with the support of other governments, which is the reason they did not commit “Crimes of Colonial Oppression.” They violated the laws of war in the Government of Bhutan and committed crimes as the government against their own people, but thousands of citizens of Bhutan died. Nevertheless, non-colonial aggression inside a nation will NEVER justify direct invasion and occupying colonization by another government, no matter how bad their government will be because of the Laws of War. The issue now is that some give colonization to acts that are not colonial. If there is not an occupied people and a colonizing power clearly, then it is harder to prosecute for crimes that are not in present circumstances.
When your own nation is not colonized, you cannot cry colonization or colonialism when you set into power the government of the people who you turned on after setting into power.
Your nation has to make amends for occupation of your own people when you have nowhere to run. You do not deserve to be colonized, but you cannot act as a colonizer by falsely labelling the people who never colonized you as colonizing powers. If they bring foreign interference, that is very different. But no one colonized you once you drove the colonizer out. And if you cannot enable or trust your people to heal as they should, your government has nowhere to run if you are no longer occupied and no longer subject to interference.
The same will be applicable for Communist China. Xinjiang is not the responsibility of interfering, outside, meddling, influential people peddling their Rule and Force of law against Xinjiang. You cannot force your agenda on people and expect your rule as a government to be well respected and popular. Xinjiang are not terrorists! They are humans!
As much as people talk about a free people, they should be free to criticize both Israel and China along with Saudi Arabia for their radical oppression of minorities, and Israel and Saudi Arabia are colonial and made worse by the foreign policy of the United States. China does it on its own, and Afghanistan and Myannmar on their own.
Russia might be more selective in its brutality, but people are not respected in Russia if Russian rights are not respected by their government. However, American influence is wrong, and so is Russian influence in Ukraine against Ukraine and Georgia. Ukraine has a government, but it cannot be bullied by other people, nor its people or government bullied by outside governments. Israel and the United States have no right to colonize, but neither does Russia. Russia, now, is trying to colonize part of Ukraine, but never needed it however much they wanted it but neither did America need Ukraine in its influence.
The Ket language in Yenisei People might no longer be spoken, so their language might not exist as an actively spoken language if they do not let themselves be free. If they keep on blaming Putin and Russia and China and America and Europe, for their lack of organization, they never will be free. America should not aid them at this time.
Americans Cannot aid separatists among the Yenisei if they are not organized to defend their sovereignty united in opposition to Putin. Unless the movement gains momentum and brings united opposition to Putin, there is no change they can win and their Independence would likely not win. America cannot back them unless the Yenisei begin the war “on their own.”
And even if the USA sees the Yenisei raising opposition against Putin, it should not support them unless they American forces can be proved able to win the War against Putin, which likely is impossible. America, therefore, should not support the Yenisei. They will lose other wars if they support the Yenisei and the Yenisei cannot win on their own.